Merapi (peak height of 2968 m above sea level, as of 2006) is a volcano in the central part of Java Island and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Slopes of the south side are in the administrative district of Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region, and the rest are in the region of Central Java province, namely Magelang district on the west side, Boyolali district in the north and east, and Klaten district in the southeast. The forest area around the peak to be Mount Merapi National Park area since 2004.
The mountain is very dangerous because, according to modern records have eruption (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlement. Since the year 1548, this mountain has erupted 68 times as much. Magelang and Yogyakarta City is the nearest big city, is under 30 km from the summit. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and only four kilometers from the summit. Because of this importance, Merapi became one of sixteen volcanoes of the world are included in the Decade Volcanoes project (Decade Volcanoes).
Geology
Mount Merapi is the youngest mountain in the volcanic chain that leads to the south of Mount Ungaran. The mountain is formed by the subduction zone activity in the Indo-Australian Plate is moving down the Eurasian Plate led to the appearance of volcanic activity along the middle of Java Island. Current peak is not overgrown vegetation because of high volcanic activity. This peak grows in the southwest side of the peak of Mount Batulawang older.
The process of formation of Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and seterusnya.Berthomier, a French scholar, dividing the development into four tahap.Tahap Merapi first is Pre-Merapi (up to 400,000 years ago), namely Mount Aunt that parts can still be seen on the side eastern peak of Merapi. Old Merapi stage occurs when Merapi began to form but not yet conical (60000-8000 years ago). The remains of this stage is Turgo Hill and Hill Plawangan in the south, which is formed from basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), characterized by the formation of high peaks, like Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. The process of formation in this period is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava and hot clouds. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruption (melt) and explosive. Also estimated that an explosive eruption with debris material to the west that left the horseshoe morphology with length 7 km, 1-2 km wide with a few hills on the western slope. Crater Pasarbubar (or Pasarbubrah) is estimated to form at this time. Merapi peak now, peak Anyar, a new beginning to form around 2000 years ago. In its development, is known to occur several times explosive eruption with VEI 4 based on the observation tefra layer.
Characteristics of eruptions since 1953 is the insistence of lava into the summit crater accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) that can slide on the slopes or vertically upward. The eruption of Merapi type is generally not a sound but the hiss of explosions. Dome of the existing peak until 2010 was the result of an ongoing process since the gas explosion of 1969.
Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space below Merapi contain materials such as mud that are "significantly impede the vibration waves of an earthquake." Scientists estimate that the material is magma.Kantung magma is part of the formation formed by menghunjamnya Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate.
Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions recorded a big impact in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. The eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in ash, based on observations of the dust heap of geology vulkanik.Ahli Netherlands, van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the central Medang Kingdom (Ancient Mataram) should move to East Java. The eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale reaches 3 to 4. The latest eruption, 2010, is estimated to also have the power close to or equal. The eruption in 1930, which destroyed three dozen villages and killed 1400 people, is the biggest victims of the eruption with the record until now.
November 1994 eruption caused hot clouds glide down to reach some villages and claimed 60 human lives. July 19, 1998 eruption is big enough but it pointed up so it does not take casualties. Note the last eruption of this mountain was in 2001-2003 in the form of high activity are ongoing. In 2006 Mount Merapi high-return activities and had claimed two lives of volunteers in the region because of a hack Kaliadem hot clouds. The series of eruptions in October and November 2010 were evaluated as the largest since the eruption of 1872 and claimed lives of 273 people (as of 17 November 2010), although it has applied intense observation and preparation for evacuation management. The eruption of 2010 also observed as a deviation from the eruption "Merapi type" because it is accompanied by explosive blast and the rumbling sound is heard up to a distance of 20-30 km.
The mountain is monitored non-stop by the Centre for Observation of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta, assisted by various geophysical telemetry instruments around the mountain peak and a number of visual observation post and seismic recorder in Ngepos (Srumbung), Babadan, and Ground.
2006 eruption
In April and May 2006, began to appear signs that Merapi will erupt again, characterized by earthquakes and deformation. The local government of Central Java and Yogyakarta have prepared evacuation efforts. Instructions have also been issued by the two governments so that people living near Merapi immediately flee to places that have been provided.
On May 15, 2006 finally Merapi erupts. Then on June 4, reported that the activities of Mount Merapi has exceeded the alert status. Head BPPTK Yogyakarta, Ratdomo Purbo explained that approximately 2 to 4 June the volume of lava in the dome of Merapi has reached 4 million cubic meters - that lava had fulfilled all the Merapi dome capacity so that additional new lava burst will directly out of the dome of Merapi.
June 1, rain of volcanic ash from Mount Merapi hot clouds glide a dense, three days later this happened in the town of Magelang and the District of Magelang, Central Java. Muntilan about 14 kilometers from the summit of Merapi, most feel the rain this ash.
June 8, Mount Merapi erupted at 9:03 pm with a blast of hot clouds that made thousands of residents in the area of the slopes of Mount Merapi to panic and try to escape to safety. Today, carrying two eruptions of Merapi, the second eruption occurred at around 09:40 pm. Bursts of heat clouds as far as 5 km more to Kali Gendol upstream (south slope) and sear some forest areas in the north of Kaliadem in Sleman regency.
2010 eruption
Upgrading of the "normal active" to "alert" on 20 September 2010 recommended by the Center for Investigation and Technological Development Kegunungapian (BPPTK) Yogyakarta. After about a month, on October 21, status changed to "alert" since at 18:00 pm. At this level of displacement has to be prepared. Due to the increasing activity, indicated by the high frequency multiphase earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes, since 06.00 am tangggal October 25 BPPTK Yogyakarta recommends increasing the status of Mount Merapi to "alert" and all the inhabitants of the area within a radius of 10 km from the summit should be evacuated and evacuated to an area safe.
The first eruption occurred at around 17:02 pm on 26 October. At least going up to three times the eruption. Material spewing volcanic eruptions as high as approximately 1.5 km and is accompanied by the release of heat clouds which swept Kaliadem, Kepuharjo Village, District Cangkringan, Sleman. [11] and taken the lives of 43 people, plus a baby from Magelang who died because of respiratory problems.
Since then began to vomit hot clouds occur irregularly. Starting October 28, Mount Merapi spewed lava that appeared almost simultaneously with the discharge of hot clouds started at 19:54 WIB.Selanjutnya hotspots silence was observed at the peak on November 1, marking a new phase that the magma has reached the pit crater.
However, different from the character of the Merapi typically, rather than the formation of a new lava dome, which in fact happened was increased activity bursts of lava and hot clouds since 3 November. Explosive eruptions preceded a major eruption on the morning of Thursday, November 4, 2010, resulting in column 4 km-high clouds and bursts of hot clouds in different directions at the foot of Merapi. Furthermore, since about three o'clock noon eruption that never stopped until the evening and reached its peak in the early hours Friday, November 5, 2010. Towards midnight, a radius danger to all the places enlarged to 20 km from the summit. This eruption sequence and a roar audible to the city of Yogyakarta (distance about 27 km from the summit), Magelang and Wonosobo regency center (distance 50 km). Rain gravel and sand to reach the city of Yogyakarta to the north, while the thick volcanic ash rains swept through Navan and Cilacap. At noon, volcanic ash is known to have reached Tasikmalaya, Bandung, and Bogor.
Secondary hazards cold lava flow also threatens the region lower after the November 4th place heavy rain around the peak of Merapi. On November 5, Code River in the city of Yogyakarta declared status as "alert" (red alert).
Strong eruption 5 November followed by a high activity for about a week, before then there was a slight decrease in activity, but the security status remains "Beware". On 15 November 2010 to limit the danger radius of Magelang District was reduced to 15 km and to two other districts of Central Java to 10 km. Just for the district. Sleman which still remains the danger imposed radius of 20 km.
Vegetation
Mount Merapi at the top is never overgrown with vegetation due to high activity. Plant species at the top of the typical mountain-type alpina Java, such as Rhododendron and edeweis Java. Slightly down bamboo forests and the plants are tropical mountains.
Slopes of Merapi, especially below 1,000 m, is home to two national superior cultivars of salak, which is barked 'Pondoh' and 'Nglumut'.
Climbing route
Mount Merapi is the object of a popular climb. because this mountain is a mountain that is very charming. The most common route is through the side and near north of Selo, Boyolali regency, Central Java, precisely in the Village Tlogolele. The village is situated between Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu. Climbing through Selo takes about five hours to the summit.
Another popular path is through Kaliurang, Pakem District, Sleman District, Yogyakarta on the southern side. This path is more steep and takes about 6-7 hours to the summit. Another alternative route is through the northwest side, starting from Sawangan, Magelang regency, Central Java, and through the southeast, the direction of pure-bred, Kemalang District, Klaten Regency, Central Java.
The mountain is very dangerous because, according to modern records have eruption (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlement. Since the year 1548, this mountain has erupted 68 times as much. Magelang and Yogyakarta City is the nearest big city, is under 30 km from the summit. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and only four kilometers from the summit. Because of this importance, Merapi became one of sixteen volcanoes of the world are included in the Decade Volcanoes project (Decade Volcanoes).
Geology
Mount Merapi is the youngest mountain in the volcanic chain that leads to the south of Mount Ungaran. The mountain is formed by the subduction zone activity in the Indo-Australian Plate is moving down the Eurasian Plate led to the appearance of volcanic activity along the middle of Java Island. Current peak is not overgrown vegetation because of high volcanic activity. This peak grows in the southwest side of the peak of Mount Batulawang older.
The process of formation of Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and seterusnya.Berthomier, a French scholar, dividing the development into four tahap.Tahap Merapi first is Pre-Merapi (up to 400,000 years ago), namely Mount Aunt that parts can still be seen on the side eastern peak of Merapi. Old Merapi stage occurs when Merapi began to form but not yet conical (60000-8000 years ago). The remains of this stage is Turgo Hill and Hill Plawangan in the south, which is formed from basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), characterized by the formation of high peaks, like Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. The process of formation in this period is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava and hot clouds. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruption (melt) and explosive. Also estimated that an explosive eruption with debris material to the west that left the horseshoe morphology with length 7 km, 1-2 km wide with a few hills on the western slope. Crater Pasarbubar (or Pasarbubrah) is estimated to form at this time. Merapi peak now, peak Anyar, a new beginning to form around 2000 years ago. In its development, is known to occur several times explosive eruption with VEI 4 based on the observation tefra layer.
Characteristics of eruptions since 1953 is the insistence of lava into the summit crater accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) that can slide on the slopes or vertically upward. The eruption of Merapi type is generally not a sound but the hiss of explosions. Dome of the existing peak until 2010 was the result of an ongoing process since the gas explosion of 1969.
Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space below Merapi contain materials such as mud that are "significantly impede the vibration waves of an earthquake." Scientists estimate that the material is magma.Kantung magma is part of the formation formed by menghunjamnya Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate.
Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions recorded a big impact in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. The eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in ash, based on observations of the dust heap of geology vulkanik.Ahli Netherlands, van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the central Medang Kingdom (Ancient Mataram) should move to East Java. The eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale reaches 3 to 4. The latest eruption, 2010, is estimated to also have the power close to or equal. The eruption in 1930, which destroyed three dozen villages and killed 1400 people, is the biggest victims of the eruption with the record until now.
November 1994 eruption caused hot clouds glide down to reach some villages and claimed 60 human lives. July 19, 1998 eruption is big enough but it pointed up so it does not take casualties. Note the last eruption of this mountain was in 2001-2003 in the form of high activity are ongoing. In 2006 Mount Merapi high-return activities and had claimed two lives of volunteers in the region because of a hack Kaliadem hot clouds. The series of eruptions in October and November 2010 were evaluated as the largest since the eruption of 1872 and claimed lives of 273 people (as of 17 November 2010), although it has applied intense observation and preparation for evacuation management. The eruption of 2010 also observed as a deviation from the eruption "Merapi type" because it is accompanied by explosive blast and the rumbling sound is heard up to a distance of 20-30 km.
The mountain is monitored non-stop by the Centre for Observation of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta, assisted by various geophysical telemetry instruments around the mountain peak and a number of visual observation post and seismic recorder in Ngepos (Srumbung), Babadan, and Ground.
2006 eruption
In April and May 2006, began to appear signs that Merapi will erupt again, characterized by earthquakes and deformation. The local government of Central Java and Yogyakarta have prepared evacuation efforts. Instructions have also been issued by the two governments so that people living near Merapi immediately flee to places that have been provided.
On May 15, 2006 finally Merapi erupts. Then on June 4, reported that the activities of Mount Merapi has exceeded the alert status. Head BPPTK Yogyakarta, Ratdomo Purbo explained that approximately 2 to 4 June the volume of lava in the dome of Merapi has reached 4 million cubic meters - that lava had fulfilled all the Merapi dome capacity so that additional new lava burst will directly out of the dome of Merapi.
June 1, rain of volcanic ash from Mount Merapi hot clouds glide a dense, three days later this happened in the town of Magelang and the District of Magelang, Central Java. Muntilan about 14 kilometers from the summit of Merapi, most feel the rain this ash.
June 8, Mount Merapi erupted at 9:03 pm with a blast of hot clouds that made thousands of residents in the area of the slopes of Mount Merapi to panic and try to escape to safety. Today, carrying two eruptions of Merapi, the second eruption occurred at around 09:40 pm. Bursts of heat clouds as far as 5 km more to Kali Gendol upstream (south slope) and sear some forest areas in the north of Kaliadem in Sleman regency.
2010 eruption
Upgrading of the "normal active" to "alert" on 20 September 2010 recommended by the Center for Investigation and Technological Development Kegunungapian (BPPTK) Yogyakarta. After about a month, on October 21, status changed to "alert" since at 18:00 pm. At this level of displacement has to be prepared. Due to the increasing activity, indicated by the high frequency multiphase earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes, since 06.00 am tangggal October 25 BPPTK Yogyakarta recommends increasing the status of Mount Merapi to "alert" and all the inhabitants of the area within a radius of 10 km from the summit should be evacuated and evacuated to an area safe.
The first eruption occurred at around 17:02 pm on 26 October. At least going up to three times the eruption. Material spewing volcanic eruptions as high as approximately 1.5 km and is accompanied by the release of heat clouds which swept Kaliadem, Kepuharjo Village, District Cangkringan, Sleman. [11] and taken the lives of 43 people, plus a baby from Magelang who died because of respiratory problems.
Since then began to vomit hot clouds occur irregularly. Starting October 28, Mount Merapi spewed lava that appeared almost simultaneously with the discharge of hot clouds started at 19:54 WIB.Selanjutnya hotspots silence was observed at the peak on November 1, marking a new phase that the magma has reached the pit crater.
However, different from the character of the Merapi typically, rather than the formation of a new lava dome, which in fact happened was increased activity bursts of lava and hot clouds since 3 November. Explosive eruptions preceded a major eruption on the morning of Thursday, November 4, 2010, resulting in column 4 km-high clouds and bursts of hot clouds in different directions at the foot of Merapi. Furthermore, since about three o'clock noon eruption that never stopped until the evening and reached its peak in the early hours Friday, November 5, 2010. Towards midnight, a radius danger to all the places enlarged to 20 km from the summit. This eruption sequence and a roar audible to the city of Yogyakarta (distance about 27 km from the summit), Magelang and Wonosobo regency center (distance 50 km). Rain gravel and sand to reach the city of Yogyakarta to the north, while the thick volcanic ash rains swept through Navan and Cilacap. At noon, volcanic ash is known to have reached Tasikmalaya, Bandung, and Bogor.
Secondary hazards cold lava flow also threatens the region lower after the November 4th place heavy rain around the peak of Merapi. On November 5, Code River in the city of Yogyakarta declared status as "alert" (red alert).
Strong eruption 5 November followed by a high activity for about a week, before then there was a slight decrease in activity, but the security status remains "Beware". On 15 November 2010 to limit the danger radius of Magelang District was reduced to 15 km and to two other districts of Central Java to 10 km. Just for the district. Sleman which still remains the danger imposed radius of 20 km.
Vegetation
Mount Merapi at the top is never overgrown with vegetation due to high activity. Plant species at the top of the typical mountain-type alpina Java, such as Rhododendron and edeweis Java. Slightly down bamboo forests and the plants are tropical mountains.
Slopes of Merapi, especially below 1,000 m, is home to two national superior cultivars of salak, which is barked 'Pondoh' and 'Nglumut'.
Climbing route
Mount Merapi is the object of a popular climb. because this mountain is a mountain that is very charming. The most common route is through the side and near north of Selo, Boyolali regency, Central Java, precisely in the Village Tlogolele. The village is situated between Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu. Climbing through Selo takes about five hours to the summit.
Another popular path is through Kaliurang, Pakem District, Sleman District, Yogyakarta on the southern side. This path is more steep and takes about 6-7 hours to the summit. Another alternative route is through the northwest side, starting from Sawangan, Magelang regency, Central Java, and through the southeast, the direction of pure-bred, Kemalang District, Klaten Regency, Central Java.
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