KERONCONG

Keroncong is the name of the ukulele and similar musical instruments as well as the name of the type music that uses distinctive Indonesia keroncong musical instruments, flutes, and a female singer.
The origin
Keroncong derived from similar roots music known as Fado Portuguese introduced by the sailors and the slave ships trading nation since the 16th century to the archipelago. From mainland India (Goa) was first entered music in Malacca and later played by slaves from the Moluccas. The weakening influence of Portuguese in the 17th century in the archipelago not necessarily mean this music is also missing. An early form of music is called moresco (a dance of Spanish origin, such as polka rather slow rhythm), in which one of the songs by Kusbini rearranged now known as Kr. Muritsku, accompanied by a stringed musical instrument. Keroncong music coming from the Tugu monument called keroncong. In the development, signed a number of traditional elements of the archipelago, such as the use of flute as well as some components of the gamelan. At about the 19th century musical form this mixture has been popular in many parts of the archipelago, even down to the Malay Peninsula. This golden era continued until around the 1960's, and then faded due to the inclusion of a wave of popular music (rock music has been growing since 1950, and berjayanya Beatle music and the like since 1961 till now). Nevertheless, the music still played keroncong and enjoyed by all walks of life in Indonesia and Malaysia until now.
Musical instruments
In its earliest form, accompanied by music moresco strings, such as violin, ukulele, and cello. Percussion is also sometimes used. Set orchestra of this kind is still used by keroncong monument, which still form keroncong played by Portuguese slave descendant community of Ambon who lived in Kampung Tugu, North Jakarta, which then developed to the south in Gambir Kemayoran and by the Betawi music mingle with Tanjidor (year 1880-1920). Year 1920-1960 development center moved to Solo, and adapt to a slower rhythm according to the nature of the Javanese.
Pem-"native" art of making keroncong mix, with musical instruments such as

    * Indian sitar
    * Fiddle
    * Bamboo flute
    * Drum, kenong, and saron as a set of gamelan
    * Gong.
Currently, musical instruments used in orchestra keroncong cover

    * Choke ukulele, string 3 (nylon), his tone sequence is G, B and E; as the main instrument voicing crong - crong so-called keroncong (found in 1879 in Hawaii, and is an early milestone in the start of music keroncong)
    * Cak ukulele, string 4 (steel), the order of tone A, D, Phys, and B. So when other musical instruments playing scales C, cak play on scales F (known as in F);
    * Acoustic guitar as a guitar melody, played with style kontrapuntis (anti-melody);
    * Violin (replacing Rebab); since made by the Amati or Stradivarius of Cremona Italy around the year 1600 has never changed its model to the present;
    * Flute (replace Bamboo Flute), in the Flute Era Old Days Albert wore (a black wooden flute with holes and valve, somewhat broken voice, orchestra samples Lief Java), while in the Era of the Eternal Keroncong been using Bohm Flute (flute metal all with valve, the sound is more refined with a beautiful tone ornaments, examples flutis Sunarno from Solo or Beny Waluyo from Jakarta);
    * Cello; betot replace the drums, also has never changed since made by Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy 1600, except that in keroncong typically played plucked / pizzicato;
    * Contrabass (replacing Gong), was also plucked bass, has never changed since the Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy in 1600 made him;
Rhythm keeper held by ukulele and bass. Kontrapuntis guitar and cello which regulate rhythmic chord transition. The violin melody serves as a guide, as well as decoration / ornament below. Flut fill top decoration, floating melodies fill the empty space.
Keroncong form mixed with popular music is now using a single organ and synthesizer to accompany the song keroncong (in a single stage of the all party organs can play keroncong, dangdut, rock, polka, mars).
Type keroncong
Music keroncong more inclined to the chord progressions and the type of tool used. Since the mid-20th century has been known for at least three kinds of keroncong, which can be recognized from the pattern of progression akordnya. For musicians who already understand the plot, accompanied keroncong songs are actually not difficult, because quite match the pattern applies. Development is done by maintaining the consistency of the pattern. In addition, there are mixed forms and adaptations.
The development of contemporary keroncong
Having undergone a long evolution since the arrival of the Portuguese in Indonesia (1522) and the settlement of slaves in the area of ​​Kampung Tugu in 1661, and this is the early evolution of the long keroncong music (1661-1880), nearly two centuries, but have not shown the identity of keroncong actual voice-crong crong-crong, so that the music virtually keroncong not yet born in 1661-1880.
And finally keroncong music experience short-term evolution of the last since 1880 until now, with three stages of the latest developments already in progress and a forecast of new developments (keroncong millennium). Early milestone was in 1879, when the discovery of the Hawaiian ukulele which soon became the main instrument in keroncong (voice ukulele: crong-crong-crong), whereas the early millennium keroncong existing signs, but not yet developed (Bondan Prakoso).
Four stages of the development is

    (A) The tempo doeloe (1880-1920),
    (B) The eternal keroncong (1920-1960), and
    (C) The period of modern keroncong (1960-2000), as well as
    (D) The period of keroncong millennium (2000-present)