borobudur history

Borobudur temple is the name of a location is approximately 100 km southwest of Hyderabad and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the followers of Mahayana Buddhism around the year 800 AD during the reign of the dynasty dynasty. In the ethnic Chinese, this temple is also called 婆罗 浮屠 (Hanyu Pinyin: po luo fu tu) in the language Mandarin.Banyak theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other folk etymology. Suppose that the word comes from the greeting Borobudur "the Buddha" who because of a shift in sound to Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word bara said to have originated from the word monastery, while there are also other explanations where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground.
Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation for a doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions Karangtengah and Kahulunan, Casparis estimate Borobudur founder of the dynasty was the king of Mataram dynasty named Samaratungga, who do construction around the year 824 AD The giant new building could be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur Development estimated take half a century. In Karangtengah inscriptions also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by Cri Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain kamulan called Bhūmisambhāra. [1] The term itself comes from the word kamulan initially, which means place of origin, the ancestral shrine to glorify, probably ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra. Casparis estimates that Bhumi Sambhāra Bhudhāra in Sanskrit language meaning "Mount of the set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue", was the original name of Borobudur. [2]
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read according to the clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories.
Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and right ends at the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.
The composition and distribution of relief the story on the ledge of the temple walls and fencesStages of development of Borobudur
~ The first stage
Borobudur development period is not known for sure (estimated between 750 and 850 M). Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid with staircase. but later changed. As there is evidence of a dismantled apartment layout.
~ The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given a huge main stupa.
~ The third stage
Terrace of the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas are built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.
~ The fourth stage
There are minor changes such as making changes to the stairs and curved reliefs above the door. Summary of the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa of the temple.
* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
* 1873 - the first monograph on the temple issue.
* 1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of refurbishment and maintenance of the temple of Borobudur.
* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
* 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
* 1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
* 1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the events of the G-30-S.
* 1968 - the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
* 1971 - Indonesian government established body that is chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur.
* 1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as its chairman. Committee sponsored by UNESCO to provide 5 million U.S. dollars from 7750 million dollar refurbishment costs the United States. The rest is borne Indonesia.
* August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the commencement of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
* January 21, 1985 - bomb attack which destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple which was immediately repaired. Attacks carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Habib Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
* 1991 - Borobudur designated as World Heritage by UNESCO.