Jaipongan

Jaipongan is a genre of dance that was born from the creativity of an artist from Bandung, Gugum Gumbira. Attention to folk art, one of which is Tap Tilu know and know well make it perbendaharan dance movement patterns that exist in the tradition Kliningan / Bajidoran or Tap Tilu. Opening movements, pencugan, nibakeun and several kinds of motion of several arts mincid above have enough inspiration to develop a dance or art that is now known as the Jaipongan.
Before this form of performance art show, there are several forms of dance influences behind this association. In West Java, for example, social dance is the influence of the Ball Room, which is usually in a dance-dance association could not be separated from existence and pamogoran ronggeng. Ronggeng in social dance is no longer functioning for activities of the ceremony, but for entertainment or a way of hanging out. The existence ronggeng in the performing arts has an appeal that invites sympathy for the pamogoran. For example on Tilu Tap dance is so well known by the Sundanese people, is expected this art popular around the year 1916. As the folk performing arts, this art is supported only by simple elements, such as waditra that includes fiddle, drums, two kulanter, three percussion, and gongs. Similarly, the dance movements that do not have a standard pattern of motion, a simple costume dancer as a reflection of democracy.
Along with the waning type of art above, the former pamogoran (spectators who play an active role in the performing arts Tap Tilu / Doger / Tayub) switched its attention on the performing arts Kliningan, which in the north coast of West Java (Karawang, Bekasi, Purwakarta, Indramayu, and Subang ) known as Kliningan Bajidoran dance patterns and events that show has some similarities with the previous art (Tap Tilu / Doger / Tayub). In the meantime, the existence of masked dances in Banjet quite popular, especially in Karachi, where some Bajidoran motion pattern taken from the dance in this Banjet Mask. In koreografis dance is still reveal the patterns of tradition (Tap Tilu) which contains elements of the opening movements, pencugan, nibakeun and several kinds of motion mincid which in turn become the basis of the creation of dance Jaipongan. Some basic dance movements Jaipongan apart from Tap Tilu, Ibing Bajidor and Mask Banjet is Tayuban and Pencak Silat.
The emergence of dance works Gugum Gumbira initially called Tap Tilu development, that is because it is a basic dance from Tap Tilu development. The first work Gugum Gumbira still very thick with color Ibing Tilu Tap, both in terms of choreography and iringannya, who then dance it became popularly known as Jaipongan.

Developing
 
Work Jaipongan first began to be known by the public is dance "Leaves Pulus Keser Bojong" and "Rendeng Bojong" both of which are types of dance girls and dance in pairs (boys and girls). From the dance that emerged a few names that are reliable Jaipongan dancers like Tati Saleh, Yeti Mamat, Eli Somali, and Pepen Dedi Kurniadi. Early emergence of the dance had become a conversation, the central issue is the movement of the erotic and vulgar. But from the few print media exposure, name Gugum Gumbira becoming known society, especially after the dance Jaipongan in 1980 staged at the central station TVRI Jakarta. The impact of the popularity of the more increases the frequency of performances, both in the medium of television, a celebration or celebrations held by the private sector and government.
Attendance Jaipongan significant contribution towards the instigators of the art of dance to more actively explore the types of folk dances that were previously less attention. With the emergence of dance Jaipongan, used by activists to organize dance courses dance Jaipongan, used also by businessmen pubs as a decoy night invited guests, where the development of further business opportunities this kind of dance was formed by activists as an effort by the economic empowerment Dance Studio names or groups in some areas of West Java, for example in Subang with Jaipongan style "kaleran" (north).
Typical Jaipongan kaleran style, which is fun, erotic, humorous, excitement, spontaneity, and simplicity (naturally, whatever they are). This was reflected in the pattern of presentation of dance on the show, there is a given pattern (Ibing pattern) as in art Jaipongan in Bandung, also there are also dances that are not dipola (Ibing Saka), for example in art Jaipongan Subang and Karawang. This term can be found in Jaipongan kaleran style, especially in the area of ​​Subang. In the presentation, this kaleran Jaipongan style, as follows: 1) Tatalu; 2) Flower Gadung; 3) Fruit Kawung Gopar; 4) Dance Opening (Ibing Pattern), usually performed by a single dancer or Sinden Tatandakan (sinden attack but can not sing but dance songs sinden / interpreter kawih); 5) Jeblokan and Jabanan, is part performance when the audience (Bajidor) Sawer money (jabanan) while greeting paste. Jeblokan term is defined as couples who settled between sinden and the audience (Bajidor).
Further development occurred in taahun dance Jaipongan 1980-1990's, where Gugum Gumbira create another dance such as Toka-toka, Setra Sari, Sonteng, Pencug, Heron dazed, motorcade procession Leaf-Puring, Rawayan, and Dance Kawung Anten. From these dances appear some skilled dancers Jaipongan include Iceu Effendi, Yumiati Mandiri, Miming Mintarsih, Nani, Erna, Mira Tejaningrum, Ine Dinar, Ega, Nuni, Cepy, Agah, Aa Suryabrata, and Asep.
Today the dance Jaipongan be called as one of identity keseniaan West Java, this is apparent on several important events relating to visitors from foreign countries who came to West Java, it was greeted with Jaipongan dance performances. Similarly, with art missions to foreign countries, always equipped with a dance Jaipongan. Dance Jaipongan affect many other crafts in the community of West Java, both on the art of wayang, gamelan, Genjring / Terbangan, Kacapi jaipong, and almost all public performances as well as on modern dangdut music which collaborated with the art Jaipong Pong-Dut. Jaipongan which has diplopori by Mr. Nur & Leni

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KERONCONG

Keroncong is the name of the ukulele and similar musical instruments as well as the name of the type music that uses distinctive Indonesia keroncong musical instruments, flutes, and a female singer.
The origin
Keroncong derived from similar roots music known as Fado Portuguese introduced by the sailors and the slave ships trading nation since the 16th century to the archipelago. From mainland India (Goa) was first entered music in Malacca and later played by slaves from the Moluccas. The weakening influence of Portuguese in the 17th century in the archipelago not necessarily mean this music is also missing. An early form of music is called moresco (a dance of Spanish origin, such as polka rather slow rhythm), in which one of the songs by Kusbini rearranged now known as Kr. Muritsku, accompanied by a stringed musical instrument. Keroncong music coming from the Tugu monument called keroncong. In the development, signed a number of traditional elements of the archipelago, such as the use of flute as well as some components of the gamelan. At about the 19th century musical form this mixture has been popular in many parts of the archipelago, even down to the Malay Peninsula. This golden era continued until around the 1960's, and then faded due to the inclusion of a wave of popular music (rock music has been growing since 1950, and berjayanya Beatle music and the like since 1961 till now). Nevertheless, the music still played keroncong and enjoyed by all walks of life in Indonesia and Malaysia until now.
Musical instruments
In its earliest form, accompanied by music moresco strings, such as violin, ukulele, and cello. Percussion is also sometimes used. Set orchestra of this kind is still used by keroncong monument, which still form keroncong played by Portuguese slave descendant community of Ambon who lived in Kampung Tugu, North Jakarta, which then developed to the south in Gambir Kemayoran and by the Betawi music mingle with Tanjidor (year 1880-1920). Year 1920-1960 development center moved to Solo, and adapt to a slower rhythm according to the nature of the Javanese.
Pem-"native" art of making keroncong mix, with musical instruments such as

    * Indian sitar
    * Fiddle
    * Bamboo flute
    * Drum, kenong, and saron as a set of gamelan
    * Gong.
Currently, musical instruments used in orchestra keroncong cover

    * Choke ukulele, string 3 (nylon), his tone sequence is G, B and E; as the main instrument voicing crong - crong so-called keroncong (found in 1879 in Hawaii, and is an early milestone in the start of music keroncong)
    * Cak ukulele, string 4 (steel), the order of tone A, D, Phys, and B. So when other musical instruments playing scales C, cak play on scales F (known as in F);
    * Acoustic guitar as a guitar melody, played with style kontrapuntis (anti-melody);
    * Violin (replacing Rebab); since made by the Amati or Stradivarius of Cremona Italy around the year 1600 has never changed its model to the present;
    * Flute (replace Bamboo Flute), in the Flute Era Old Days Albert wore (a black wooden flute with holes and valve, somewhat broken voice, orchestra samples Lief Java), while in the Era of the Eternal Keroncong been using Bohm Flute (flute metal all with valve, the sound is more refined with a beautiful tone ornaments, examples flutis Sunarno from Solo or Beny Waluyo from Jakarta);
    * Cello; betot replace the drums, also has never changed since made by Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy 1600, except that in keroncong typically played plucked / pizzicato;
    * Contrabass (replacing Gong), was also plucked bass, has never changed since the Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy in 1600 made him;
Rhythm keeper held by ukulele and bass. Kontrapuntis guitar and cello which regulate rhythmic chord transition. The violin melody serves as a guide, as well as decoration / ornament below. Flut fill top decoration, floating melodies fill the empty space.
Keroncong form mixed with popular music is now using a single organ and synthesizer to accompany the song keroncong (in a single stage of the all party organs can play keroncong, dangdut, rock, polka, mars).
Type keroncong
Music keroncong more inclined to the chord progressions and the type of tool used. Since the mid-20th century has been known for at least three kinds of keroncong, which can be recognized from the pattern of progression akordnya. For musicians who already understand the plot, accompanied keroncong songs are actually not difficult, because quite match the pattern applies. Development is done by maintaining the consistency of the pattern. In addition, there are mixed forms and adaptations.
The development of contemporary keroncong
Having undergone a long evolution since the arrival of the Portuguese in Indonesia (1522) and the settlement of slaves in the area of ​​Kampung Tugu in 1661, and this is the early evolution of the long keroncong music (1661-1880), nearly two centuries, but have not shown the identity of keroncong actual voice-crong crong-crong, so that the music virtually keroncong not yet born in 1661-1880.
And finally keroncong music experience short-term evolution of the last since 1880 until now, with three stages of the latest developments already in progress and a forecast of new developments (keroncong millennium). Early milestone was in 1879, when the discovery of the Hawaiian ukulele which soon became the main instrument in keroncong (voice ukulele: crong-crong-crong), whereas the early millennium keroncong existing signs, but not yet developed (Bondan Prakoso).
Four stages of the development is

    (A) The tempo doeloe (1880-1920),
    (B) The eternal keroncong (1920-1960), and
    (C) The period of modern keroncong (1960-2000), as well as
    (D) The period of keroncong millennium (2000-present)

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Original music dangdut Indonesia

Dangdut musical journey proved to have a long history, long before the naming of this music happen. Pull pull the popularity of this music among singers, Indonesia and Malaysia also had to happen, though ultimately dangdut musicians appear to dominate the country.

Munif Bahasuan which is considered the pioneer of music and dangdut maestro homeland, said he did not know where the term originated. Because, he said, in the 1940s had a lot of music that was born smelling dangdut, but not the music called dangdut., Munif My horse song called Run, which was sung A Harris in 1953, as one of the pioneers of rhythm track that was later called dangdut. The reason, the song has the courage to enter the Indian-style drum sound in the orchestra which was originally just using guitar, harmonium, bass and mandolin.
In the 1950s, in addition to any A Harris, also there are the names of other dangdut singers, such as Emma Ganges, Hasnah Thahar, and Juhana Satar. But then came a time when the supremacy of the Malay rhythmic songs annexed neighboring country of Malaysia.
The popularity of P Ramlee, Malaysian singer who claimed descent Aceh, Malay music mecca move to the country. Through the song you Laksana Moon and Aziz, P Ramlee victorious unrivaled. Moreover, after which he also starred in several movies. Its popularity in Indonesia even more fertile. All that smelled Ramlee becomes a trend.
But, in the 1960s, there emerged Said Effendi, who managed to restore the supremacy of the Malay rhythms from Malaysia to Indonesia. Through the song's Ark rate, Said Effendi put myself as the singer of rhythm Malay topnotch country. He rid the popularity of P Ramlee.
Said Effendi has popular songs created by itself, like the Ark rate, Buck-buckle, and Fatwa poet, as well as track other people's work, for example last night in Malaysia (Syaiful Bahri) and on the verge of Evening (Ismail Marzuki).
Said Effendi fame increasingly unbearable, when he appeared with the work of Hussein Bawafie Seroja song. Success Seroja attract directors to menokohkan Said Nawi Ismail Effendi into the movie with the same title. After that, the director Asrul Sani Said Effendi also interesting to make a movie Titian Serambut cleaved Seven.

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Angklung

Angklung is a musical instrument multitonal (dual pitched), which is traditionally grown in the Sundanese-speaking community in the western part of Java Island. This musical instrument made of bamboo, sounded shaken by (the sound caused by the clash of bodies bamboo pipes) so as to produce a sound that vibrates in the arrangement of tones 2, 3, and 4 tones in every size, large or small. Barrel (tone) musical instrument Angklung as Sundanese traditional music is mostly salendro and pelog.
Angklung is listed as Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Human Nonbendawi of UNESCO since November 2010.
The origin
There is no indication since when angklung used, but the alleged primitive forms have been used in Neolithic culture that flourished in the archipelago until the beginning of the modern calendar, so angklung is part of the relics of pre-culture of Hinduism in the archipelago.
Notes on the emerging angklung refer the Kingdom of Sunda (the 12th century until the 16th century). The origin of the creation of bamboo music, such as angklung based view of the agrarian life of Sundanese people with a source of life of paddy (pare) as a staple food. This gave rise to the myth of trust in Nyai Sri Pohaci as a symbol of Goddess of Rice giver of life (breathe-Hurip). Bedouin society, regarded as the remnants of native Sundanese people, applying the angklung as part of the ritual began planting rice. Games angklung gubrag in Jasinga, Bogor, is one that is still alive since more than 400 years ago. Appearance originated from rice rites. Angklung created and played to lure Dewi Sri down to earth for the people of the rice plant thrives.
This type of bamboo used as a musical instrument is the black bamboo (AWI wulung) and white bamboo (AWI friends). Each tone (barrel) is produced from the sound of tube-shaped bamboo bar (wilahan) every segment of bamboo from small to large.
Known by the Sundanese community since the time of the Sunda kingdom, of which as penggugah spirit in battle. Angklung function as pumping continues to feel the spirit of the people still come to the colonial period, that's why the Dutch East Indies government had banned the use angklung, the ban could make angklung popularity declined and only played by children at that time. [Citation needed]
Furthermore, the songs offerings to Dewi Sri is accompanied by the sound of percussion accompaniment made from bamboo poles that simple packed structures which then was born the bamboo musical instrument we know today named angklung. Similarly, when the harvest festival dedicated to the game and seren taun angklung. Especially at the presentation ceremony Angklung related to rice, it becomes a performance art that are the parade or helaran, even in some places into the convoy Rengkong and Dongdang and Jampana (stretcher food) and so forth.
In its development, angklung grow and spread all over Java, then to Kalimantan and Sumatra. In 1908 recorded a cultural mission from Indonesia to Thailand, among others, marked the transfer angklung and bamboo music of this game also had spread there.
In fact, since 1966, Udjo Ngalagena angklung figures who developed the technique based on barrel-barrel game pelog, salendro, and madenda-start teaching how to play angklung to many people from various communities.
Angklung Kanekes
Angklung Kanekes area (we often call them Baduy) is used primarily because of its relationship with the rites of rice, not solely for the entertainment of people. Angklung is used or is sounded when they grow rice in shifting cultivation (field). Angklung beat when growing rice there is only rung free (dikurulungkeun), especially in Kajeroan (Tangtu; Baduy Jero), and there are with certain rhythmic, namely in Kaluaran (Outer Baduy). However, still can be displayed on the outside but still have the rite paddy rules, for example, may only beaten until his ngubaran pare (treating paddy), about three months from the time planted rice. After that, during the next six months all the arts should not be played, and can be played again on the next rice planting season. Closes angklung implemented with event called musungkeun angklung, namely nitipkeun (leave, keep) angklung after use.
In the presentation of entertainment, usually held during Angklung bright moon and no rain. They play in the game angklung (page widespread in rural areas) while singing various songs, among others: monkey Kasarung, Yandu Aunt, Yandu Sala, Ceuk Arileu, Oray-orayan, Dengdang, Yari Gandang, Oyong-Oyong Bangkong, Kula Agency, Kokoloyoran, Swing-swing, Pileuleuyan, Gandrung Mangosteen, Rujak Gadung, Mulung Muncang, Giler, Ngaranggeong, Aceukna, Marengo, Salak Sadapur, Rangda Ngendong, Celementre, Keupat Reundang, Papacangan, and Culadi Dengdang. The drummers angklung eight people and three drummers drum small size make the standing position while walking in a circle formation. Meanwhile others had ngalage (dance) with a specific movement that has been raw but simple. Everything is done only by men. This is different to the community Daduy In, they are limited by custom with the various rules pamali (abstinence; taboo), should not be doing things excessive worldly pleasures. Art solely for ritual purposes.
Angklung names in Kanekes of the largest are: ovarian, ringkung, Dongdong, gossip, engklok, ovarian leutik, torolok, and Roel. Roel which consists of 2 pieces held by a angklung. The names of the longest drum are: drum, talingtit, and percussion. The use of drum instruments there is a difference, namely in the villages they wear Kaluaran drum as much as 3 pieces. In Kajeroan; Cikeusik village, just use the drum and talingtit, without percussion. In Kajeroan, Cibeo village, just use the drum, without talingtit and percussion.
In Kanekes who is the person entitled to make angklung Kajeroan (Tangtu; Baduy Jero). Kajeroan consists of 3 villages, namely Cibeo, Cikartawana, and Cikeusik. In all three villages is not everyone can make it, only that have offspring and have the right to do just that in addition to the requirements of ritual. Angklung makers in the famous Cikeusik is Amir's father (59), and in Cikartawana father Tarnah. People buy from people Kaluaran Kajeroan in three village.
Angklung Dogdog LojorArt is available at the community dogdog lojor Kasepuhan Pancer Pangawinan or customs union Banten Kidul scattered around Mount Mist (bordering Jakarta, Bogor and Lebak). Although this art is called dogdog lojor, the name of one of the instruments in it, but there is also used angklung because the connection with the ritual of rice. Once a year, after harvesting the whole community held an event or seren Serah Taun Taun on traditional village center. Traditional village center as a place of residence kokolot (elders) the place always on the move as directed supernatural.
The tradition of respect for rice in this community is still carried out because they included people who still adhere to old customs. By tradition they claim to be descendants of the officers and soldiers in the palace Pajajaran Baresan Pangawinan (soldier armed with a lance). Kasepuhan community has embraced Islam and somewhat open to the influence of modernization, as well as entertainment things worldly pleasures can be enjoyed. This attitude also affects the function of art in terms that since about the 1970s, dogdog lojor has been progressing, which is used to enliven the circumcision of children, marriage, and other festive events. The instruments used in the arts dogdog lojor is 2 pieces of fruit and 4 dogdog lojor big angklung. These four fruit angklung has a name, which is called the bark, then panembal, Kingking, and inclok. Each instrument is played by one, making a total of six people.
Songs include dogdog lojor Bale Agung, Side Hideung, shaky-shaky Papanganten, Si Tunggul Kawung, Adulilang, and Adu-complaint. These songs form of vocals with rhythmic dogdog and angklung tend to remain.
Angklung gubrag
Angklung gubrag Cipining there in the village, Cigudeg subdistrict, Bogor. Angklung has old age and used to honor the goddess of rice in the activities carry pare (rice), ngunjal pare (transporting rice), and ngadiukeun (put) into leuit (barn).
In the myth angklung gubrag began there was a time when village Cipining experiencing a bad season.
Angklung BadengBadeng is a type of art that emphasize the musical aspect with angklung as the main instrument. Sanding there Badeng Village, District Malangbong, Garut. Used to serve as entertainment for the benefit of the Islamic da'wah. But the alleged Badeng has been used since the old society from the pre-Islamic for events associated with the ritual of planting rice. As an art to preaching trusted Badeng developed since Islam spread in this area around the 16th century or 17. At that time the population Sanding, Arpaen and Nursaen, studied Islamic religion to the kingdom of Demak. After returning from Demak they preach spread the religion of Islam. One of the means of spreading Islam with the arts used was Badeng.
Angklung used as many as nine pieces, which is 2 angklung Roel, 1 angklung intelligence, 4 Angklung Angklung ovarian and father, 2 angklung children; 2 pieces dogdog, 2 fruit fly or gembyung, and 1 kecrek. The text uses the Sundanese language mixed with Arabic. In its development is now also used the Indonesian language. The contents of the text contains Islamic values ​​and good advice, and according to the purposes of the event. In addition to presenting performances of the songs, well presented attraction supernatural powers, such as slicing the body with sharp weapons.
Songs Badeng: Lailahaileloh, Ya'ti, Kasreng, Yautike, Lilimbungan, Solaloh.
Bean
Beans is a performance art that is entertainment, of which there are at Baros (Arjasari, Bandung). At first the beans used at events related to rice farming. But at the present time beans are used as an entertainment art. This is related to the changing view of society that began less heed to the things smelled of old beliefs. In the 1940s can be regarded as the end of the ritual function in respect of rice beans, because since then beans turned into a show of entertainment. In line with that of rice storage places too (leuit; barn) began to disappear from people's homes, places replaced with a more practical bag, and easy to carry everywhere. Rice even now many are directly sold, not stored in the barn. Thus art beans that had been used for events ngunjal (carrying rice) is not needed anymore.
The name of art relating to a text string beans famous song among the people, namely cis nyengcle beans ... and so on. The text included in arts beans, so the art is called beans.
The instruments used in the arts is 2 angklung ovarian beans, 2 angklung ambrug, angklung panempas, 2 angklung pancer, 1 angklung enclok. Then the 3 pieces dogdog, consisting of 1 talingtit, panembal, and badublag. In its development, then added with tarompet, kecrek, and goong. Angklung beans barreled salendro with song vocals can barreled madenda or gamelan. Beans Songs include: Badud, Beans, Renggong, Senggot, Jalantir, Jangjalik, Ela-ell, Mega Beureum. Now the songs beans have used also the songs of the gamelan, with the singer who was the man angklung players, now by a special lady to sing.
Of the several types of bamboo to music in West Java (Angklung) above, are some examples of the performing arts angklung, which consists of: Angklung Beans (Priangan / Bandung), Angklung Badud (East Priangan / Ciamis), Angklung Bungko (Indramayu) Angklung gubrag (Bogor), Angklung Ciusul (Banten), Angklung Dog dog Lojor (Sukabumi), Angklung Badeng (Malangbong, Garut), and Angklung Angklung Padaeng which is identical to the National with diatonic scales, developed since 1938. Angklung is derived from typical Indonesian Sundanese angklung development. Angklung Sunda who pitched five (salendro or pelog) by Daeng Sutigna aka The Etjle (1908-1984) changed his tone became Western scales (solmisasi) so that it can play a variety of other songs. Investment results and then taught to school students and played a big orchestra.

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Mount papandayan

The volcano is a volcano located in Garut regency, West Java Cisurupan precisely in the District. Mountain with an altitude of 2665 meters above sea level is located about 70 km southeast of Bandung.
At the volcano, there are some famous crater. Among Crater Diamond, a New Crater, Crater Nangklak, and Crater Manuk. Craters are producing steam from the inside.
The mountain is very popular among hikers, climbers, especially beginners. As well as the beauty of its natural structure, the mountain also has a sulfur craters that are still active and still crowded field Eidelweis which covers tens of acres and many trees Pearl White. The volcano is a nature reserve in which there are many object-biodiversity and beautiful natural attractions.
The volcano has Hill dipterocarp forest, dipterocarp forest Upper Montane forest, and mountain or forest Ericaceous Forest.
Papandayan eruption was recorded several times. Among them in 1773, 1923, 1942, 1993, and 2003. Major eruption occurred in 1772 destroyed at least 40 villages and killed about 2951 people. Landslide-covered area of ​​10 km with a width of 5 km.
On March 11, 1923 eruption occurred at least 7 times in the New Crater and preceded by an earthquake centered in Cisurupan. On January 25, 1924, Diamond Crater temperature increased from 364 degrees Celsius to 500 degrees Celsius. An eruption of mud and rocks in the crater Mas and New crater and destroyed the forest. While the eruption of material almost reaches Cisurupan. On February 21, 1925, eruption occurred at Crater Nangklak mud. In 1926 a small eruption occurred at Crater Diamond.
Since April 2006 Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) establish Papandayan status was upgraded to the alert, after an increase in seismic activity. At 7 to 16 April 2008, there was an increase in temperature in 2 crater, namely Crater Mas (245-262 degrees Celsius), and Balagadama (91-116 degrees Celsius). While the pH level decreases and the concentration of minerals increases. On October 28, 2010, the status Papandayan again increased to level 2.

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Mount Merapi in jogja

 

Merapi (peak height of 2968 m above sea level, as of 2006) is a volcano in the central part of Java Island and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Slopes of the south side are in the administrative district of Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region, and the rest are in the region of Central Java province, namely Magelang district on the west side, Boyolali district in the north and east, and Klaten district in the southeast. The forest area around the peak to be Mount Merapi National Park area since 2004.
The mountain is very dangerous because, according to modern records have eruption (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlement. Since the year 1548, this mountain has erupted 68 times as much. Magelang and Yogyakarta City is the nearest big city, is under 30 km from the summit. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and only four kilometers from the summit. Because of this importance, Merapi became one of sixteen volcanoes of the world are included in the Decade Volcanoes project (Decade Volcanoes).
Geology
Mount Merapi is the youngest mountain in the volcanic chain that leads to the south of Mount Ungaran. The mountain is formed by the subduction zone activity in the Indo-Australian Plate is moving down the Eurasian Plate led to the appearance of volcanic activity along the middle of Java Island. Current peak is not overgrown vegetation because of high volcanic activity. This peak grows in the southwest side of the peak of Mount Batulawang older.
The process of formation of Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and seterusnya.Berthomier, a French scholar, dividing the development into four tahap.Tahap Merapi first is Pre-Merapi (up to 400,000 years ago), namely Mount Aunt that parts can still be seen on the side eastern peak of Merapi. Old Merapi stage occurs when Merapi began to form but not yet conical (60000-8000 years ago). The remains of this stage is Turgo Hill and Hill Plawangan in the south, which is formed from basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), characterized by the formation of high peaks, like Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. The process of formation in this period is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava and hot clouds. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruption (melt) and explosive. Also estimated that an explosive eruption with debris material to the west that left the horseshoe morphology with length 7 km, 1-2 km wide with a few hills on the western slope. Crater Pasarbubar (or Pasarbubrah) is estimated to form at this time. Merapi peak now, peak Anyar, a new beginning to form around 2000 years ago. In its development, is known to occur several times explosive eruption with VEI 4 based on the observation tefra layer.
Characteristics of eruptions since 1953 is the insistence of lava into the summit crater accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) that can slide on the slopes or vertically upward. The eruption of Merapi type is generally not a sound but the hiss of explosions. Dome of the existing peak until 2010 was the result of an ongoing process since the gas explosion of 1969.
Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space below Merapi contain materials such as mud that are "significantly impede the vibration waves of an earthquake." Scientists estimate that the material is magma.Kantung magma is part of the formation formed by menghunjamnya Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate.
Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions recorded a big impact in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. The eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in ash, based on observations of the dust heap of geology vulkanik.Ahli Netherlands, van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the central Medang Kingdom (Ancient Mataram) should move to East Java. The eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale reaches 3 to 4. The latest eruption, 2010, is estimated to also have the power close to or equal. The eruption in 1930, which destroyed three dozen villages and killed 1400 people, is the biggest victims of the eruption with the record until now.
November 1994 eruption caused hot clouds glide down to reach some villages and claimed 60 human lives. July 19, 1998 eruption is big enough but it pointed up so it does not take casualties. Note the last eruption of this mountain was in 2001-2003 in the form of high activity are ongoing. In 2006 Mount Merapi high-return activities and had claimed two lives of volunteers in the region because of a hack Kaliadem hot clouds. The series of eruptions in October and November 2010 were evaluated as the largest since the eruption of 1872 and claimed lives of 273 people (as of 17 November 2010), although it has applied intense observation and preparation for evacuation management. The eruption of 2010 also observed as a deviation from the eruption "Merapi type" because it is accompanied by explosive blast and the rumbling sound is heard up to a distance of 20-30 km.
The mountain is monitored non-stop by the Centre for Observation of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta, assisted by various geophysical telemetry instruments around the mountain peak and a number of visual observation post and seismic recorder in Ngepos (Srumbung), Babadan, and Ground.
2006 eruption
In April and May 2006, began to appear signs that Merapi will erupt again, characterized by earthquakes and deformation. The local government of Central Java and Yogyakarta have prepared evacuation efforts. Instructions have also been issued by the two governments so that people living near Merapi immediately flee to places that have been provided.
On May 15, 2006 finally Merapi erupts. Then on June 4, reported that the activities of Mount Merapi has exceeded the alert status. Head BPPTK Yogyakarta, Ratdomo Purbo explained that approximately 2 to 4 June the volume of lava in the dome of Merapi has reached 4 million cubic meters - that lava had fulfilled all the Merapi dome capacity so that additional new lava burst will directly out of the dome of Merapi.
June 1, rain of volcanic ash from Mount Merapi hot clouds glide a dense, three days later this happened in the town of Magelang and the District of Magelang, Central Java. Muntilan about 14 kilometers from the summit of Merapi, most feel the rain this ash.
June 8, Mount Merapi erupted at 9:03 pm with a blast of hot clouds that made thousands of residents in the area of ​​the slopes of Mount Merapi to panic and try to escape to safety. Today, carrying two eruptions of Merapi, the second eruption occurred at around 09:40 pm. Bursts of heat clouds as far as 5 km more to Kali Gendol upstream (south slope) and sear some forest areas in the north of Kaliadem in Sleman regency.
2010 eruption
Upgrading of the "normal active" to "alert" on 20 September 2010 recommended by the Center for Investigation and Technological Development Kegunungapian (BPPTK) Yogyakarta. After about a month, on October 21, status changed to "alert" since at 18:00 pm. At this level of displacement has to be prepared. Due to the increasing activity, indicated by the high frequency multiphase earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes, since 06.00 am tangggal October 25 BPPTK Yogyakarta recommends increasing the status of Mount Merapi to "alert" and all the inhabitants of the area within a radius of 10 km from the summit should be evacuated and evacuated to an area safe.
The first eruption occurred at around 17:02 pm on 26 October. At least going up to three times the eruption. Material spewing volcanic eruptions as high as approximately 1.5 km and is accompanied by the release of heat clouds which swept Kaliadem, Kepuharjo Village, District Cangkringan, Sleman. [11] and taken the lives of 43 people, plus a baby from Magelang who died because of respiratory problems.
Since then began to vomit hot clouds occur irregularly. Starting October 28, Mount Merapi spewed lava that appeared almost simultaneously with the discharge of hot clouds started at 19:54 WIB.Selanjutnya hotspots silence was observed at the peak on November 1, marking a new phase that the magma has reached the pit crater.
However, different from the character of the Merapi typically, rather than the formation of a new lava dome, which in fact happened was increased activity bursts of lava and hot clouds since 3 November. Explosive eruptions preceded a major eruption on the morning of Thursday, November 4, 2010, resulting in column 4 km-high clouds and bursts of hot clouds in different directions at the foot of Merapi. Furthermore, since about three o'clock noon eruption that never stopped until the evening and reached its peak in the early hours Friday, November 5, 2010. Towards midnight, a radius danger to all the places enlarged to 20 km from the summit. This eruption sequence and a roar audible to the city of Yogyakarta (distance about 27 km from the summit), Magelang and Wonosobo regency center (distance 50 km). Rain gravel and sand to reach the city of Yogyakarta to the north, while the thick volcanic ash rains swept through Navan and Cilacap. At noon, volcanic ash is known to have reached Tasikmalaya, Bandung, and Bogor.
Secondary hazards cold lava flow also threatens the region lower after the November 4th place heavy rain around the peak of Merapi. On November 5, Code River in the city of Yogyakarta declared status as "alert" (red alert).
Strong eruption 5 November followed by a high activity for about a week, before then there was a slight decrease in activity, but the security status remains "Beware". On 15 November 2010 to limit the danger radius of Magelang District was reduced to 15 km and to two other districts of Central Java to 10 km. Just for the district. Sleman which still remains the danger imposed radius of 20 km.
Vegetation
Mount Merapi at the top is never overgrown with vegetation due to high activity. Plant species at the top of the typical mountain-type alpina Java, such as Rhododendron and edeweis Java. Slightly down bamboo forests and the plants are tropical mountains.
Slopes of Merapi, especially below 1,000 m, is home to two national superior cultivars of salak, which is barked 'Pondoh' and 'Nglumut'.
Climbing route
Mount Merapi is the object of a popular climb. because this mountain is a mountain that is very charming. The most common route is through the side and near north of Selo, Boyolali regency, Central Java, precisely in the Village Tlogolele. The village is situated between Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu. Climbing through Selo takes about five hours to the summit.
Another popular path is through Kaliurang, Pakem District, Sleman District, Yogyakarta on the southern side. This path is more steep and takes about 6-7 hours to the summit. Another alternative route is through the northwest side, starting from Sawangan, Magelang regency, Central Java, and through the southeast, the direction of pure-bred, Kemalang District, Klaten Regency, Central Java. 

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Mount Krakatau

Krakatau is a volcanic archipelago that are still active and located in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. This name ever pinned on a volcanic peak there (Mount Krakatoa), which vanish because of its own eruptions on 26-27 August 1883. The eruption was so powerful; hot clouds and the resulting tsunami killed about 36,000 people. Up until December 26, 2004, this is a terdahsyat tsunami in the Indian Ocean region. Cracking noise was heard up in Alice Springs, Australia and the island of Rodrigues near Africa, 4653 miles. Yield estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that was detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.Sunda Strait
The eruption of Krakatoa caused global climate change. The world was dark for two and a half days due to volcanic ash that covered the atmosphere. The sun was shining dim until next year. Scattering of dust visible in the sky Norway to New York.
The explosion of Krakatoa is actually still less than the eruption of Mount Toba and Mount Tambora in Indonesia, Mount Tanpo in New Zealand and the Mount Katmal in Alaska. However, these mountains erupted deep in the human population is still very small. Meanwhile, when Mount Krakatoa erupted, the human population is dense enough, science and technology has evolved, the telegraph was invented, and subsea cable already installed. Thus we can say that moment of information technology is growing and developing rapidly.
Noted that the eruption of Krakatoa was the first major disaster in the world after the invention of the telegraph under the sea. Progress is, unfortunately, has not been matched by progress in the field of geology. The geologist was not even able to give an explanation of these eruptions.
Development of Mount Krakatau
Mount Krakatau AncientSeeing the area of ​​Mount Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, experts estimate that in ancient times there is a huge mountain in the Sunda Strait that finally erupted explosively leaving a caldera (crater big) called Ancient Mount Krakatoa, which is the parent of Mount Krakatoa erupted in 1883. The mountain is composed of andesitic rocks.
Notes on Ancient Krakatau eruption taken from an Old Javanese text entitled Library King Parwa which is estimated to come from in 416 AD. It contained among others, stated:"There is a booming thunder came from Mount Batuwara. There is also a frightening shock earth, total darkness, thunder and lightning. Then came the wind and rain storms are terrible and the whole storm darkens the whole world. A big flood came from Mount Batuwara and flow east toward Mount Kamula .... When the water sink, a separate Java island into two, creating islands of Sumatra "
Berend George Escher geologists and other experts argue that some natural events as told from the Ancient of Mount Krakatoa, which in the text called Mount Batuwara. According to the Reader King Parwa, the high is Proto Krakatau to 2,000 meters above sea level, and the circle of the beach reached 11 kilometers.
Due to the great explosion, three-quarters of the body were destroyed leaving a caldera of Krakatoa Ancient (a large crater) in the Sunda Strait. The sides or edges crater known as Rakata Island, Long Island and Island Sertung, in another note called the island of Rakata, Rakata Island and Small Island Sertung. The explosion was allegedly responsible for the occurrence of the dark ages on earth. Bubonic plague occurred because the temperature cools. This pestilence significantly reduce the number of people on earth.
The eruption was also considered to be contributing for an end to the heyday of ancient Persia, the transmutation of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, the end of civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of a large Mayan city, Tikal and the collapse of the Nazca civilization in South America full of puzzles. Ancient Krakatoa explosion is expected to last for 10 days with an estimated mass of vomit speeds reach 1 million tons per second. The blast has formed thick atmosphere shields 20-150 meters, lowering the temperature of 5-10 degrees for 10-20 years.
The emergence of Mount KrakatauRakata Island, which is one of three remaining island of Krakatoa Ancient then grow in accordance with volcanic encouragement from the bowels of the earth, known as Mount Krakatoa (or Mount Rakata) made of basaltic rock. Then, the two emerged from the volcano crater, named Mount Danan and Mount Perbuwatan which later united with Mount Rakata which appeared first. The third unity volcano is called Mount Krakatoa.
Mount Krakatoa erupted in 1680 produced andesitic lava acid. Then in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan active issue, although not erupt lava. After that time, there is no volcanic activity at Krakatau until May 20, 1883. On that day, after 200 years of sleep, a small explosion occurred at Mount Krakatoa. That would be the early signs of the massive eruption in the Sunda Strait. This small explosion was followed by small eruptions that peak occurs at 26 to 27 August 1883.
1883 eruptionOn the day Monday, August 27, 1883, promptly at 10:20, the mountain explodes. According to Simon Winchester, a geologist at Oxford University English graduate who is also the author of National Geographic said that the blast was the biggest, loudest voice and the most devastating volcanic event in modern human history. The voice sounded eruptions until 4600 km from the center of the eruption and can even be heard by the eighth inhabitants of the earth at that time.
According to researchers at the University of North Dakota, with the explosion of Krakatoa explosion of Tambora (1815) listed the value of the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), the largest in modern history. The Guinness Book of Records recorded the explosion of Anak Krakatau as the most powerful explosion in recorded history.
Krakatoa explosion had thrown stones pumice and volcanic ash by volume of 18 cubic miles. Shot of dust vulkanisnya mencavai 80 km. Hard objects which flew into the air, falling on the plains of Java and Sumatra islands even up to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand.
The eruption destroyed Danan Mountain, Mount Perbuwatan and part of Mount Rakata where a half cone is missing, create a basin-wide 7 km and as deep as 250 meters. Sea waves rose as high as 40 meters to destroy the villages and what was on the coast. The tsunami was caused not only because of the eruption but also submarine landslide.
Noted the number of the dead reached 36,417 people from 295 villages in coastal areas ranging from Peacock (Attack) until cilamaya in Karawang, West coast of Banten to display on the island of Cape Panaitan (Ujung Kulon and southern parts of Sumatra. In Ujungkulon, incoming flood to 15 km to the west. The next day, until a few days later, residents of Jakarta and Lampung hinterland no longer see the sun. Tsunami waves generated even creeping up to the Hawaiian coast, west coast of Central America and the Arabian Peninsula that 7 thousand miles away.
Anak KrakatauStarting in 1927 or roughly 40 years after the eruption of Mount Krakatoa, a volcano that emerged is known as Anak Krakatoa caldera of an ancient region which is still active and still growing in height. High growth speed of about 20 inches per month. Every year it becomes more and more about 20 feet wide 40 feet. Another note mentions the addition of high-about 4 cm per year and if calculated, then within 25 years the addition of high-achieving children Rakata 7500 inches or 500 feet higher than the previous 25 years. The cause of the high mountain was caused by the material that comes out of the new belly of the mountain. Currently, the height of Anak Krakatau reach about 230 meters above sea level, while Mount Krakatau previously had 813 meters high above sea level.
According to Simon Winchester, despite what happened in the life of Krakatoa which was very scary realities of geology, seismic and tectonic in Java and Sumatra strange will ensure that what used to happen at some point will happen again. No one knows exactly when the Son of Krakatoa to erupt. Some geologists predict this eruption will occur between 2015-2083. However, the effect of earthquakes on the basis of the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004 also can not be ignored.Anak Krakatau, February 2008
According to Professor Ueda Nakayama one Japanese expert volcano, Anak Krakatau is still relatively safe although there are active and frequent small eruptions, there are only certain times of the tourists are prohibited from approaching the area because of danger of lava that spewed out of this volcano. Other experts claim there is no plausible theory about the Son of Krakatoa which will re-erupt. Even if there are any more or at least 3 centuries after 2325 AD But clearly, the number of victims caused more awesome than the previous eruption. Anak Krakatoa is currently in general by society better known as "Krakatoa" was also, though in fact is a new mountain that grew after the previous eruption.

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prambanan history

 

Prambanan is a group of temples built by Sanjaya dynasty kings in the IX century. The discovery of writings on the temple Pikatan name raises the notion that this temple was built by Rakai Pikatan who later settled by the Rakai Balitung based on the inscriptions numbered from 856 M "Inscription Siwargrarha" as the manifest political will to strengthen its position as the king who besar.Prasasti Siwargrarha year 856 AD issued by the Rakai luring of unknown origin, are now stored at the National Museum Jakarta.
These inscriptions began to attract attention after J.G. De Casparis managed to decipher and discuss it. According Casparis there are 3 important things in these inscriptions, which are: The language is the oldest examples of framed inscriptions of poetry written in Ancient Java;, containing materials or historical events are very important from the mid-abas to IX M; It poses a description a detailed account of a "cluster of temples", something unique in Javanese epigraphy kuna.Dari description above is an interesting historical events and a description of the cluster development of the temple. Historical events in question is a battle between Balaputeradewa of Sailendra family against family Rakai Pikatan of Sanjaya. Balaputeradewa defeated and fled to Sumatra. Rakai Pikatan Consolidation royal family were then being the beginning of a new period of development that need to be formalized with a group of large temples.
The description of the cluster of temples such as that mentioned in the inscription Siwargrarha can be compared with the Prambanan complex, a cluster of temples built fenced wall around its center and surrounded by rows of chapel arranged bersap found only in temples also Prambanan.Disebutkan ancillary same temple in the shape and size.
Another interesting thing is 2 Apit temples, each near the northern entrance of the temple and selatan.Keterangan regarding cluster located near the river is reminiscent of the cluster with the river Opak Prambanan temple in the western side and if the distance between the river and clusters Opak Prambanan and the possibility of bending deflection of the river flow occurred between the villages of Klurak and Bogem. Thus, it seems that the description contained in the inscription on the cluster of temples Siwargrarha more suited to the circumstances of Prambanan temple.
The occurrence of displacement to the center of Mataram Kingdom of East Java terawatnya not result in the temples in the Prambanan, this condition is getting worse by the earthquake and the eruption of Mount Merapi several times which made the Prambanan temple collapsed and left debris scattered stones. Prambanan Temple was known back when a Dutchman named CALons visited Java in 1733 and reported on the ruins of the temple is overgrown with shrubs.
First effort to rescue the temples of Prambanan conducted by Ijzerman in 1885 to clean up the chambers of the temple from the ruins of stone. In 1902 began coaching jobs, led by Van Erp for the Shiva temple, Vishnu temple and Brahma temple. Attention to Prambanan temple continues to grow. In year 1933 successfully arranged experiment Brahma and Vishnu temples. After experiencing various barriers to restoration completed by the Indonesian nation, dated December 23, 1953 Shiva temple completely refurbished and officially declared by President Dr selasai. Ir. Sukarno.
Restoration of Prambanan temple in the region continue to be implemented, including the restoration of the temple of Brahma and Vishnu temples. Brahma temple restoration began in 1977 and was completed and inaugurated by Prof. Dr. Haryati Soebandio March 23, 1987. Temple wisnu restored starting in 1982 completed and inaugurated by President Soeharto on April 27, 1991. Subsequent restoration activities carried out on 3 pieces of the temple in front of the temple of Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma besarta 4 temples color and 4 corner temples.

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borobudur history

Borobudur temple is the name of a location is approximately 100 km southwest of Hyderabad and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the followers of Mahayana Buddhism around the year 800 AD during the reign of the dynasty dynasty. In the ethnic Chinese, this temple is also called 婆罗 浮屠 (Hanyu Pinyin: po luo fu tu) in the language Mandarin.Banyak theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other folk etymology. Suppose that the word comes from the greeting Borobudur "the Buddha" who because of a shift in sound to Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word bara said to have originated from the word monastery, while there are also other explanations where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground.
Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation for a doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions Karangtengah and Kahulunan, Casparis estimate Borobudur founder of the dynasty was the king of Mataram dynasty named Samaratungga, who do construction around the year 824 AD The giant new building could be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur Development estimated take half a century. In Karangtengah inscriptions also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by Cri Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain kamulan called Bhūmisambhāra. [1] The term itself comes from the word kamulan initially, which means place of origin, the ancestral shrine to glorify, probably ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra. Casparis estimates that Bhumi Sambhāra Bhudhāra in Sanskrit language meaning "Mount of the set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue", was the original name of Borobudur. [2]
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read according to the clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories.
Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and right ends at the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.
The composition and distribution of relief the story on the ledge of the temple walls and fencesStages of development of Borobudur
~ The first stage
Borobudur development period is not known for sure (estimated between 750 and 850 M). Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid with staircase. but later changed. As there is evidence of a dismantled apartment layout.
~ The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given a huge main stupa.
~ The third stage
Terrace of the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas are built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.
~ The fourth stage
There are minor changes such as making changes to the stairs and curved reliefs above the door. Summary of the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa of the temple.
* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
* 1873 - the first monograph on the temple issue.
* 1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of refurbishment and maintenance of the temple of Borobudur.
* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
* 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
* 1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
* 1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the events of the G-30-S.
* 1968 - the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
* 1971 - Indonesian government established body that is chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur.
* 1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as its chairman. Committee sponsored by UNESCO to provide 5 million U.S. dollars from 7750 million dollar refurbishment costs the United States. The rest is borne Indonesia.
* August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the commencement of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
* January 21, 1985 - bomb attack which destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple which was immediately repaired. Attacks carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Habib Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
* 1991 - Borobudur designated as World Heritage by UNESCO.

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